CAS Number 144-55-8
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Linear Formula NaHCO3
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Molecular Weight 84.01
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Beilstein Registry
Number 4153970
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EC Number 205-633-8
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MDL number MFCD00003528
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PubChem Substance ID 24899673
Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium
hydrogen carbonate) is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of sodium ions and bicarbonate ions.
Detailed
description
Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a
slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs. It is among the food additives encoded by the European Union, identified as E 500.
Uses
Sodium bicarbonate has a wide variety of uses.
Cooking
Sodium bicarbonate, referred to as baking soda, is primarily used
in baking, as a leavening agent. It reacts with
acidic components in batters, releasing carbon dioxide, which causes expansion
of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in pancakes,
cakes, quick breads, soda bread, and other baked and fried foods. Acidic
compounds that induce this reaction include phosphates, cream of tartar, lemon
juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa and vinegar. Natural acids in
sourdough can be leavened with the addition of small amounts as well.[9]
Heat can also independently cause sodium bicarbonate
to act as a raising agent by releasing carbon dioxide when used in baking. When
used on its own, only half the available CO2 is released. Additionally, without an
acid added to baking soda, sodium carbonate is produced that is
strongly alkaline and gives the baked product a bitter, "soapy" taste
and a yellow color. Baking powder differs in that it includes an acid which is
activated by the addition of water.[10][11] Carbon dioxide
production from exposure to heat starts at temperatures above 80 °C.[12]
2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Since the reaction occurs slowly at room
temperature, mixtures (cake batter, etc.) can be allowed to stand without
rising until they are heated in the oven.
Many forms of baking powder will contain sodium
bicarbonate combined with calcium acid phosphate, sodium aluminium phosphate or
cream of tartar.[13] Sodium bicarbonate
was sometimes used in cooking vegetables, to make them softer, although this
has gone out of fashion, as most people now prefer firmer vegetables. However,
it is still used in Asian and Latin American cuisine to tenderise meats. Baking
soda may react with acids in food, including vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid).
It is also used in breading such as for fried foods to enhance crispness and
allow passages for steam to escape, so the breading is not blown off during
cooking.
Pest control
Used to kill cockroaches. Once consumed, it
causes internal organs of cockroaches to burst due to gas collection.[14]
Sodium bicarbonate can be an effective way of
controlling fungal growth,[15] and in the United
States is registered by the Environmental
Protection Agency as a biopesticide.[16]
Paint and corrosion removal
Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process for removing
paint and corrosion called sodablasting; the process is
particularly suitable for cleaning aluminium panels which can be distorted by other
types of abrasive.
Alkalinity/pH increase
It can be administered to pools, spas, and garden
ponds to raise the total alkalinity, this will also raise the pH level and make
maintaining proper pH easier. In the event that the pH is low and the
alkalinity is adequate or high, Baking Soda (sodium bicarbonate) should not be
used to adjust the pH.[17]
Pyrotechnics
Sodium bicarbonate is one of the main components of
the common incendiary "black snake" firework. The effect is
caused by the thermal decomposition, which produces carbon dioxide gas to
produce a long snake-like ash as a combustion product of the other main component, sucrose.
Mild disinfectant
It has weak disinfectant properties,[18][19] and it may be an
effective fungicide against some
organisms.[20] Because baking soda
will absorb musty smells, it has become a reliable method for used-book sellers
when making books less malodorous.[21]
Fire extinguisher
Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish small
grease or electrical fires by being thrown over the fire, as heating of sodium
bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide.[22]However, it should
not be applied to fires in deep fryers; the sudden release
of gas may cause the grease to splatter.[22] Sodium bicarbonate
is used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an alternative to
the more corrosive diammonium phosphate in ABC
extinguishers. The alkaline nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it the only dry
chemical agent, besides Purple-K, that was used in
large-scale fire suppression systems installed in commercial kitchens. Because
it can act as an alkali, the agent has a mild saponification effect on hot
grease, which forms a smothering, soapy foam.
Neutralisation of acids and bases
Sodium bicarbonate is amphoteric, reacting with acids and bases. It reacts violently with acids, releasing CO2 gas as a reaction product. It is
commonly used to neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid spills in chemical
laboratories.
A wide variety of applications follows from its
neutralisation properties, including reducing the spread of white phosphorus from incendiary
bullets inside an afflicted soldier's wounds.
Medical uses
Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can be used as
an antacid to treat acid indigestion and heartburn.[24] Its reaction with stomach acid produces salt,
water, and carbon dioxide:
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2(g)
Intravenous sodium
bicarbonate is an aqueous solution that is sometimes used for cases of acidosis, or when
insufficient sodium or bicarbonate ions are in the blood.[25] In cases of
respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid/bicarbonate
buffer of plasma to the left and, thus, raises the pH. It is for this reason
that sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only when the
blood pH is markedly (<7.1–7.0) low.[26]
It is used for treatment of hyperkalemia, as it will drive K+ back into cells during periods of
acidosis.[27] Since sodium bicarbonate
can cause alkalosis, it is sometimes
used to treat aspirin overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic environment for
proper absorption, and the basic environment diminishes aspirin absorption in
the case of an overdose.[28] Sodium bicarbonate
has also been used in the treatment of tricyclic
antidepressant overdose.[29] It can also be
applied topically as a paste, with three parts baking soda to one part water,
to relieve some kinds of insect bites and stings (as well as accompanying
swelling).[30]
Sodium bicarbonate has been found to have no effect
on the blood pressure of several types of rat models susceptible to
salt-sensitive hypertension, in contrast with sodium chloride. This was ascribed
to the high concentration of chloride, rather than the sodium content in
dietary salts.[31]
Sodium bicarbonate can be used to treat an allergic
reaction to plants such as poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac to relieve some of
the associated itching.[32]
Bicarbonate of soda can also be useful in removing
splinters from the skin.[33]
Some alternative practitioners, such as Tullio Simoncini, have promoted
baking soda as a cancer cure, which the
American Cancer Society has warned against due to both its unproven
effectiveness and potential danger in use.[34]
Sodium bicarbonate can be added to local anaesthetics,
to speed up the onset of their effects and make their injection less painful.[35] It is also a
component of Moffett's solution,
used in nasal surgery.
Personal hygiene
Toothpaste containing sodium
bicarbonate has in several studies been shown to have a better whitening and plaque removal effect than toothpastes without it.
Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in
some mouthwashes. It has anticaries and abrasive properties.[41] It works as a
mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralises the production of acid
in the mouth, and also acts as an antiseptic to help prevent
infections.[18][20]
Sodium bicarbonate in combination with other
ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant.[42][43]
Sodium bicarbonate may be used as a buffering agent,
combined with table salt, when creating a solution for nasal irrigation.[44]
It is used in eye hygiene to treat blepharitis. This is done by
addition of a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently
boiled, followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton swab
dipped in the solution.[45]
In sports
Small amounts of sodium bicarbonate have been shown
to be useful as a supplement for athletes in speed-based events, such as
middle-distance running, lasting from about one to seven minutes.[46][47] However, overdose is
a serious risk because sodium bicarbonate is slightly toxic;[48] and gastrointestinal
irritation is of particular concern.[47]Additionally, this
practice causes a significant increase in dietary sodium.
As a cleaning agent
A paste from baking soda can be very effective when
used in cleaning and scrubbing.[22] For cleaning
aluminium objects, the use of sodium bicarbonate is discouraged, as it attacks
the thin unreactive protective oxide layer of this otherwise very reactive
metal.[49] A solution in warm
water will remove the tarnish from silver when the
silver is in contact with a piece of aluminium foil.[49][50] A paste of sodium
bicarbonate and water is useful in removing surface rust as the rust forms a
water-soluble compound when in a concentrated alkaline solution.[51] Cold water should be
used, as hot water solutions can corrode steel. [52] Baking soda is
commonly added to washing machines as a replacement for softener and to remove
odors from clothes. Sodium bicarbonate is also effective in removing heavy tea
and coffee stains from cups when diluted with warm water. Also, Baking soda can
be used as an ultimate multi purpose odor remover.[53]
During the Manhattan Project to develop the
nuclear bomb in the early 1940s, many scientists investigated the toxic
properties of uranium. They found that uranium oxides stick very well to cotton
cloth, but did not wash out with soap or laundry detergent. The uranium would
wash out with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). Clothing can
become contaminated with depleted uranium (DU) dust, and then
normal laundering will not remove it. Those at risk of DU dust exposure should
have their clothing washed with about 6 ounces (170 g) of baking soda in 2
gallons (7.5 l) of water.[54]
Cattle feed supplements
Sodium bicarbonate is sold as a cattle feed
supplement, in particular as a buffering agent for the rumen.
PRICE
$127.21/KG OR $57.82/IB
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