CAS Number 7681-52-9
·
Linear Formula NaClO
·
Molecular Weight 74.44
·
MDL number MFCD00011120
·
PubChem Substance ID 329756232
Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaClO. It is
composed of a sodium cation (Na+
) and a hypochloriteanion (ClO−
); it may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid.
) and a hypochloriteanion (ClO−
); it may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid.
Detailed description
When dissolved in water it is commonly known as bleach or liquid
bleach.[1] Sodium
hypochlorite is practically and chemically distinct from chlorine.[2] Sodium
hypochlorite is frequently used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent.
Uses
Bleaching
Household bleach is, in general, a
solution containing 3–8% sodium hypochlorite and 0.01–0.05% sodium
hydroxide; the sodium hydroxide is used to slow the
decomposition of sodium hypochlorite into sodium
chloride and sodium
chlorate.[3]
Stain removal
Sodium hypochlorite has destaining properties.[4] Among other
applications, it can be used to remove mold stains, dental
stains caused by fluorosis,[5] and stains on
crockery, especially those caused by the tannins in tea. It has also been used in laundry
detergents.
Disinfection
Sodium hypochlorite in solution exhibits broad
spectrum anti-microbial activity and is widely used in healthcare facilities in
a variety of settings.[6] It is usually
diluted in water depending on its intended use.
A weak solution of 2% household bleach in warm water
is used to sanitize smooth surfaces prior to brewing of beer or wine. Surfaces
must be rinsed to avoid imparting flavors to the brew; the chlorinated
byproducts of sanitizing surfaces are also harmful. The mode of disinfectant
action of sodium hypochlorite is similar to that of hypochlorous acid.
US government regulations allow food processing
equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing
bleach, provided that the solution is allowed to drain adequately before
contact with food, and that the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million
(ppm) available chlorine (for example, one tablespoon of typical household
bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water).[7] If higher
concentrations are used, the surface must be rinsed with potable water after
sanitizing.
Strong chlorine solution[8] made with household
bleach[9] is used for
disinfecting areas contaminated with body fluids, including large blood spills
(the area must first be cleaned with detergent before it can be disinfected).
This 1:10 dilution of 5.25%–6.15% sodium hypochlorite with water (1 part bleach
to 9 parts water) yields between 5250–6150 ppm available chlorine and is able
to inactivate both C Diff[6] and HPV.[10]
Dilutions containing more than 500ppm available
chlorine are corrosive to some metals, alloys and many thermoplastics (such as acetal resin) and need to be
thoroughly removed afterwards, so the bleach disinfection is sometimes followed
by an ethanol disinfection.
Liquids containing sodium hypochlorite as the main active component are also
used for household cleaning and disinfection, for example toilet
cleaners.[11] Some cleaners are formulated
to be thick so as not to drain quickly from vertical surfaces, such as the
inside of a toilet bowl.
Neutrophils of the human immune
system produce small amounts of hypochlorite inside phagosomes, which digest
bacteria and viruses.
Deodorizing
Sodium hypochlorite has deodorizing properties.[4]
Water treatment
Sodium hypochlorite solutions have been used to
treat dilute cyanide waste water, such as electroplating wastes. In batch
treatment operations, sodium hypochlorite has been used to treat more
concentrated cyanide wastes, such as silver cyanide plating solutions. Toxic
cyanide is oxidized to cyanate (OCN−) that is not toxic,
idealized as follows:
CN− + OCl− → OCN− + Cl−
Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a biocide in industrial
applications to control slime and bacteria formation in water systems used at
power plants, pulp and paper mills, etc., in solutions typically of 10–15% by
weight.
Endodontics
Sodium hypochlorite is the medicament of choice due
to its efficacy against pathogenic organisms and pulp digestion in endodontic therapy.
Its concentration for use varies from 0.5% to 5.25%. At low concentrations it
dissolves mainly necrotic tissue; at higher concentrations it also dissolves
vital tissue and additional bacterial species. One study has shown that Enterococcus
faecalis was still
present in the dentin after 40 minutes of exposure of 1.3% and 2.5% sodium
hypochlorite, whereas 40 minutes at a concentration of 5.25% was effective in E. faecalis removal.[12] In addition to
higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, longer time exposure and warming
the solution also increases its effectiveness in removing soft tissue and
bacteria within the root canal chamber.[12] 2% is a common
concentration as there is less risk of an iatrogenic hypochorite
incident.[13] A hypochlorite
incident is an immediate reaction of severe pain, followed by edema, haematoma, and ecchymosis as a consequence of the solution
escaping the confines of the tooth and entering the periapical space. This may
be caused by binding or excessive pressure on the irrigant syringe, or it may
occur if the tooth has an unusually large apical foramen.[14]
Nerve agent neutralization
At the various nerve
agent (chemical warfare nerve gas) destruction facilities throughout
the United States, 50% sodium hypochlorite is used to remove all traces of
nerve agent or blister agent from Personal Protection Equipment after an entry
is made by personnel into toxic areas. 50% sodium hypochlorite is also used to
neutralize any accidental releases of nerve agent in the toxic areas. Lesser
concentrations of sodium hypochlorite are used in similar fashion in the
Pollution Abatement System to ensure that no nerve agent is released in furnace
flue gas.
Reduction of skin damage
Dilute bleach baths have been used for decades to
treat moderate to severe eczema in humans,[15][16] but it has not been
clear why they work. According to work published by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine in November 2013, a
very dilute (0.005%) solution of sodium hypochlorite in water was successful in
treating skin damage with an inflammatory component caused by radiation
therapy, excess sun exposure or aging in laboratory
mice. Mice with radiation dermatitis given daily
30-minute baths in bleach solution experienced less severe skin damage and
better healing and hair regrowth than animals bathed in water. A molecule called nuclear factor
kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is known to
play a critical role in inflammation, ageing, and response to radiation. The
researchers found that if NF-κB activity was blocked in elderly mice by bathing
them in bleach solution, the animals' skin began to look younger, going from
old and fragile to thicker, with increased cell proliferation.
The effect diminished after the baths were stopped, indicating that regular
exposure was necessary to maintain skin thickness.
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