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CAS Number 7647-01-0
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Empirical Formula (Hill Notation) HCl
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Molecular Weight 36.46
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Beilstein Registry
Number 1098214
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EC Number 231-595-7
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MDL number MFCD00011324
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PubChem Substance ID 24895478
Hydrochloric acid is a corrosive, strong mineral acid with many industrial uses. A colorless,
highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, when it reacts with an organic base it forms
a hydrochloride salt.
Detailed description
Hydrochloric acid was historically called acidum
salis, muriatic acid, and spirits of salt because
it was produced from rock salt and green
vitriol (by Basilius
Valentinus in the 15th century) and later from the chemically
similar common salt and sulfuric
acid (by Johann Rudolph Glauber in the 17th century). Free hydrochloric acid was first
formally described in the 16th century by Libavius. Later, it was used
by chemists such as Glauber, Priestley, and Davy in their scientific research.
With major production starting in the Industrial Revolution, hydrochloric acid is used in the chemical
industry as a chemical
reagent in the large-scale production of vinyl
chloride for PVC plastic,
and MDI/TDI for polyurethane. It has numerous smaller-scale applications, including
household cleaning, production
of gelatin and other food
additives, descaling, and leather processing. About 20 million tonnesof hydrochloric acid are produced
worldwide annually. It is also found naturally in gastric
acid.
Applications
Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is
used in many industrial processes such as refining metal. The application often
determines the required product quality.[8]
Pickling of steel
One of the most important applications of
hydrochloric acid is in the pickling of steel, to remove rust or iron
oxide scale from iron or steel before subsequent
processing, such as extrusion, rolling, galvanizing, and other techniques.[8][21] Technical quality HCl at typically 18% concentration is
the most commonly used pickling agent for the pickling of carbon
steel grades
The spent
acid has long been
reused as iron(II) chloride (also known as ferrous chloride) solutions, but high heavy-metal levels in the pickling
liquor have decreased this practice.
The steel pickling industry has developed hydrochloric acid regeneration processes, such as the spray roaster or the fluidized bed
HCl regeneration process, which allow the recovery of HCl from spent pickling
liquor. The most common regeneration process is the pyrohydrolysis process,
applying the following formula:[8]
By recuperation of the spent acid, a closed acid
loop is established.[21] The iron(III)
oxide by-product of the regeneration process is
valuable, used in a variety of secondary industries.[8]
Production of organic compounds
Another major use of hydrochloric acid is in the
production of organic
compounds, such as vinyl
chloride and dichloroethane for PVC. This is often
captive use, consuming locally produced hydrochloric acid that never actually
reaches the open market. Other organic compounds produced with hydrochloric acid include bisphenol A for polycarbonate, activated
carbon, and ascorbic
acid, as well as numerous pharmaceutical products.[21]
wood + HCl + heat → activated
carbon (chemical activation)
Production of inorganic compounds
Numerous products can be produced with hydrochloric
acid in normal acid-base reactions, resulting in inorganic compounds. These include water treatment chemicals such
as iron(III) chloride and polyaluminium
chloride (PAC).
(iron(III) chloride
from magnetite)
Both iron(III) chloride and PAC are used as flocculation and coagulation agents in sewage
treatment, drinking
water production, and paper production.
Other inorganic compounds produced with hydrochloric
acid include road application salt calcium
chloride, nickel(II) chloride for electroplating, and zinc
chloride for the galvanizingindustry and battery production.
(calcium chloride
from limestone)
pH Control and neutralization
In industry demanding purity (food,
pharmaceutical, drinking water), high-quality hydrochloric acid is used to
control the pH of process water streams. In less-demanding industry, technical
quality hydrochloric acid suffices for neutralizing waste streams and swimming
pool pH control.[21]
Regeneration of ion exchangers
High-quality hydrochloric acid is used in the
regeneration of ion exchange resins. Cation
exchange is widely used to remove ions such as Na+ and Ca2+ from aqueous solutions, producing demineralized water. The
acid is used to rinse the cations from the resins.[8] Na+ is replaced with H+ and
Ca2+ with 2 H+.
Ion exchangers and demineralized water are used in
all chemical industries, drinking water production, and many food industries.[8]
Other
Hydrochloric acid is used for a large number of
small-scale applications, such as leather processing, purification of common
salt, household cleaning,[30] and building
construction.[21]Oil
production may be stimulated by injecting hydrochloric
acid into the rock formation of an oil
well, dissolving a portion of the rock, and creating a
large-pore structure. Oil well acidizing is a common process in the North
Sea oil production industry.[8]
Hydrochloric acid has been used for dissolving
calcium carbonate, i.e. such things as de-scaling kettles and for cleaning
mortar off brickwork, but it is a hazardous liquid which must be used with
care. When used on brickwork the reaction with the mortar only continues until
the acid has all been converted, producing calcium
chloride, carbon
dioxide, and water:
Many chemical reactions
involving hydrochloric acid are applied in the production of food, food
ingredients, and food
additives. Typical products
include aspartame, fructose, citric acid, lysine, hydrolyzed vegetable protein as food enhancer, and
in gelatin production. Food-grade (extra-pure)
hydrochloric acid can be applied when needed for the final product.
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