certified
reference material
·
EC Number 200-662-2
Properties
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Additional
Standards, Analytical
Standards,Analytical/Chromatography, Certified
Reference Materials (CRMs), Environmental
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grade
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certified reference material
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mfr. no.
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RTC, QCO-431
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concentration
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in acetone
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application(s)
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HPLC: suitable
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gas chromatography (GC):
suitable
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format
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matrix material
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storage temp.
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2-8°C
|
Phthalates, or phthalate
esters, are esters of phthalic
acid and are mainly used as plasticizers (substances
added to plastics to increase
their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity). Phthalates are
manufactured by reacting phthalic anhydride with alcohol(s) that range from
methanol and ethanol (C1/C2) up to tridecyl alcohol (C13), either as a straight
chain or with some branching.
Detailed description
They are divided into two distinct groups, with very different
applications, toxicological properties, and classification, based on the number
of carbon atoms in their alcohol chain. They are used primarily to soften polyvinyl
chloride (PVC). Lower-molecular-weight phthalates (3-6 carbon atoms in
their backbone) are being gradually replaced in many products in the United States, Canada, and European Union over health
concerns.[3][4] They are replaced by
high-molecular-weight phthalates (those with more than 6 carbons in their
backbone, which gives them increased permanency and durability). In 2010, the
market was still dominated by high-phthalate plasticizers; however, due to
legal provisions and growing environmental awareness and perceptions, producers
are increasingly forced to use non-phthalate plasticizers.[5]
Phthalates are used in a wide range of common
products, and are released into the environment.[6] There is no covalent bond between the
phthalates and plastics; rather, they are entangled within the plastic as a result of
the manufacturing process used to make PVC articles.[7] They can be removed
by exposure to heat or with organic solvents. Due to the ubiquity of plastics
(and therefore plasticizers) in modern life, the vast majority of people are
exposed to some level of phthalates, and most Americans tested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have metabolites of multiple
phthalates in their urine.[8] Phthalate exposure
may be through direct use or by indirect means through leaching and general
environmental contamination. Diet is believed to be
the main source of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and other phthalates in the general population.[8] Fatty foods such as
milk, butter, and meats are a major source.[9] In studies of
rodents exposed to certain phthalates, high doses have been shown to change
hormone levels and cause birth defects.
Uses
Phthalates are used in a large variety of products,
from enteric
coatings of pharmaceutical pills and nutritional supplements to viscosity control agents,
gelling agents, film formers, stabilizers, dispersants, lubricants, binders, emulsifying agents,
and suspending agents. End-applications include adhesives and glues, agricultural adjuvants, building materials, personal-care products, medical devices,
detergents and surfactants, packaging, children's toys, modelling clay, waxes, paints, printing inks and coatings, pharmaceuticals, food products,
and textiles. Phthalates are also frequently used in soft plastic fishing
lures, caulk, paint pigments, and sex
toys made of so-called "jelly rubber". Phthalates are used
in a variety of household applications such as shower curtains, vinyl
upholstery, adhesives, floor tiles, food containers and wrappers, and cleaning
materials. Personal-care items containing phthalates include perfume, eye
shadow, moisturizer, nail polish, liquid soap, and hair spray.[11]
Phthalates are also found in modern electronics and
medical applications such as catheters and blood transfusion devices. The most
widely used phthalates are di(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl
phthalate (DIDP), and diisononyl
phthalate (DINP). DEHP
was the dominant plasticizer used globally in PVC due to its low cost. Benzylbutylphthalate (BBP) is used in the manufacture of
foamed PVC, which is used mostly as a flooring material, though its use is
decreasing rapidly in the Western countries. Phthalates with small R and R'
groups are used as solvents in perfumes and pesticides.
Approximately 8.4 million tonnes of plasticizers are
consumed globally every year, of which European consumption accounts for
approximately 1.5 million metric tonnes.[12]Approximately 70% of those totals are phthalates, down from
about 88% in 2005. The remaining 30% are alternative chemistries. Plasticizers
contribute 10-60% of total weight of plasticized products. More recently in
Europe and the US, regulatory developments have resulted in a change in
phthalate consumption, with the higher phthalates (DINP and DIDP) replacing
DEHP as the general purpose plasticizer of choice because DIDP and DINP were
not classified as hazardous. All of these mentioned phthalates are now
regulated and restricted in many products. DEHP, although most applications are
shown to pose no risk when studied using recognized methods of risk assessment,
has been classified as a Category 1A reprotoxin, and is now on the Annex XIV of the
European Union's REACH legislation, which
means that producers and users must submit authorization requests to the European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki in order
to continue to use DEHP. Analysis of such applications will involve studies on
alternatives and, given the wide number of compounds that have been used as
plasticizers, such evaluations are likely to be far-reaching.
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