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Linear Formula (CH3)2CHOH
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Molecular Weight 60.10
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Beilstein Registry Number 635639
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Council of Europe no. 4146
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FEMA Number 2929
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Flavis number 2.079
Isopropyl alcohol (IUPAC name
propan-2-ol), also called isopropanol or dimethyl
carbinol, is a compound with the chemical formulaC3H8O or C3H7OH
or CH3CHOHCH3 (sometimes represented as i-PrOH).
It is a colorless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odor.
Detailed description
As
a propyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, it is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms,
sometimes shown as (CH3)2CHOH. It is a structural isomer of 1-propanol. It has a wide variety of industrial and
household uses.
Uses
In 1990, 45 thousand tonnes of isopropyl alcohol
were used in the United States. The vast majority of isopropyl alcohol was used
as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes. In that year, 5.4
thousand tonnes were consumed for household use and in personal care products.
Isopropyl alcohol in particular is popular for pharmaceutical applications,[12] it is presumed due to the low toxicity of any residues.
Some isopropyl alcohol is used as a chemical intermediate. Isopropyl alcohol
may be converted to acetone, but the cumene
process is more significant. It is also used as
a gasoline additive.[12]
Solvent
Isopropyl alcohol dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It also evaporates quickly, leaves nearly zero
oil traces, compared to ethanol, and is relatively non-toxic, compared to
alternative solvents. Thus, it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning
fluid, especially for dissolving oils. Together with ethanol, n-butanol, and
methanol, it belongs to the group of alcohol solvents, about 6.4 million tonnes
of which were utilized worldwide in 2011.[15]
Examples of this application include cleaning electronic devices such as contact pins (like those on ROM cartridges), magnetic
tape and disk heads (such as those in audio and
video tape recorders and floppy
disk drives), the lenses of lasers in optical
disc drives (e.g., CD, DVD) and removing thermal
paste from heatsinks and IC packages (such
as CPUs[16]).
Intermediate
Isopropyl alcohol is esterified to give isopropyl
acetate, another solvent. It reacts with carbon
disulfide and sodium
hydroxide to give sodium
isopropylxanthate, a herbicide[17] and an ore
flotation reagent.[18] Isopropyl alcohol reacts with titanium tetrachloride and aluminium metal to give titanium and aluminium isopropoxides, respectively, the former a catalyst, and the latter a chemical
reagent.[12]This compound may serve as a chemical reagent in itself, by
acting as a dihydrogen donor in transfer hydrogenation.
Medical
Rubbing alcohol, hand
sanitizer, and disinfecting
pads typically contain a 60–70% solution of isopropyl alcohol in water. Water is required to open up membrane pores of bacteria, which
acts as a gateway inside for isopropyl. A 75% v/v solution in water may be used
as a hand sanitizer.[19] Isopropyl alcohol is used as a water-drying aid for the
prevention of otitis externa,
better known as swimmer's ear.[20]
Early uses as an anesthetic
Although isopropyl alcohol can be technically used
for anesthesia, its many negative drawbacks prohibit this use. Isopropyl
alcohol can also be used similarly to ether as a solvent[21]or as an anesthetic by inhaling the fumes or orally. Early uses
included using the solvent as general anesthetic for small mammals[22] and rodents by scientists and some veterinarians. However,
it was soon discontinued, as many complications arose, including respiratory
irritation, internal bleeding, and visual and hearing problems. In rare cases,
respiratory failure leading to death in animals was observed.
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